Interpretation of diagenetic sequence and geochemistry of Parvadeh Formation in East-Central of Iran (Tabas Block)

Document Type : مقالات پژوهشی

Authors

• Vesal Yahya-Sheibani ¹
• Seyed Reza Mousavi Harami ²
• Asadollah Mahboubi ²
• Mohammad Khanehbad ³

¹ Ph.D. students in Sedimentology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, International Campus, Mashhad, Iran

² Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

³ Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

10.22067/sed.facies.v13i2.88355

Abstract

Introduction
After the Mid-Cimmerian tectonic event in the Central-East Iranian Micro-continent (CEIM), the marine sediments of the Parvadeh Formation were deposited in the Middle Jurassic, with a significant expansion in the north of the Tabas block and mainly formed from dark gray fossiliferous limestone (Aghanabati, 2014; Seyed-Emami et al., 2004). In this study, two sections of Parvadeh Formation in Ravar-Mazino sub-block (92 km west of Tabas) and Kalshaneh syncline in Kalmard block (83 km north of Tabas) have been selected for diagenesis and geochemistry studies. Diagenetic events are an important key in sequence stratigraphy studies, identifying surface exposure phases and changes in environmental conditions (Moore and Wade, 2013). Analysis of trace and major elements also leads to a better understanding of environmental conditions characteristics and better identification of fluid systems associated with diagenetic processes (Nader, 2017; Oliveira and Truckenbrodt, 2019). A combination of field, petrographic and geochemical data was used to investigate the effect of diagenesis on the studied deposits.
 
Materials and Methods
After completion of field studies, 113 rock samples were selected and studied by Cathodoluminescence (CL) and polarizing microscope after the thin sections were prepared, while Dickson (1966) method was used to detect calcite from dolomite. Also, 11 limestone samples were selected for geochemical analysis and then tested by Zarazma Mineral Studies Company using the ICP-OES Varian model to determine trace and major elements.
 
Discussion
Petrographic studies indicate that the Parvadeh Formation has been affected by micritization, cementation (Isopachus, Granular, Drusy, Blocky, and Poikilotopic), neomorphism, replacement (dolomitization, silicification, and pyritization), physical and chemical compaction, iron oxide, and fracturing processes. Calcite was pink to red in staining with red alizarin, while dolomite was not stained. In addition, elemental analysis of samples from the Parvadeh Formation showed that the amount of Sr varied from 269 to 678 ppm, and the amount of Na varied from 604 to 1189 ppm. The changes ranged between 134 to 443 ppm for Mn, 1978 to 13183 ppm for Fe, 33.15 to 38.24% for Ca, and 2785 to 4639 ppm for Mg. Positive trend changes in the Fe/Mn, Fe/Na, the low Sr/Mn ratio in the studied samples, and its inverse linear relationship with Mn values showed the highest effects of meteoric diagenesis and, to some extent, burial diagenesis. Based on the Sr/Ca plot versus Mn, it is possible to figure out the open and closed diagenetic system, the ratio of water-to-rock interactions, and the oxidation and reduction conditions of the environment (Brand and Veizer, 1980).
The bivariate plot of Sr/Ca versus Mn shows that fluids in an open diagenetic system have stabilized the limestone of the Parvadeh Formation. Modern and ancient tropical carbonates differ from their non-tropical counterparts by their Sr/Na ratio and Mn contents (Rao, 1991; Winefield et al., 1996). In the Parvadeh limestone, Sr/Na concentrations range from 1.44 to 0.3 (mean: 0.6), similar to carbonate samples and the subtropical-temperate climate of the recent regions. The plotting of Sr/Mn with Mn provides a valuable measure of the degree of dissolution in limestone (Rao, 1991). The average Sr/Mn ratio in the Parvadeh Formation carbonates is 1.61. The low Sr/Mn ratio in the studied samples and its inverse linear relationship with Mn values show the highest effects of meteoric diagenesis and, to some extent, burial diagenesis.
 
Conclusion
Micritization, cementation, neomorphism, physical and chemical compaction, dissolution, Viens filling and fracturing, dolomitization, silicification, and pyritization are the most important diagenetic processes of the Parvadeh Formation. These processes have been carried out in four marine, meteoric, burial, and uplift diagenetic environments, with meteoric and burial diagenesis having the most significant impact on the Parvadeh Formation, respectively. Micriticization processes, formation of microcrystalline dolomites, and some cement (overgrowth) have occurred in the stage of marine diagenesis. In contrast, dissolution, neomorphism, and appearance of some cement (Blocky, Granular, Drusy) have taken place in the stage of meteoric diagenesis. Also, physical compaction, stylolite, formation of some cement (Blocky and Drusy), and medium crystalline dolomites have occurred in the burial diagenesis stage, while the development of fractures and their filling has taken place in the uplift stage. The positive trend of changes in Fe versus Mn and Fe versus Na graphs indicates the effect of meteoric diagenesis. The low Sr/Mn ratio in the studied samples and its inverse linear relationship with Mn values show an increase in burial depth and a decreasing trend of Sr/Na versus an increase in Mn, indicating a close combination of recent temperate carbonates, whose geochemistry results are consistent with subtropical to temperate climates obtained during the Middle Jurassic. Also, changes (1000 * Sr/Ca (wt)) versus Mn indicate the open diagenetic system in the Parvadeh Formation.
 
References
Aghanabati, S.A., 2014. Stratigraphy Lexicon of Iran. Volume 3 (Jurassic). Geological Survey of Iran, 545 p. (In Persian)
Brand, U., & Veizer, J., 1980. Chemical diagenesis of the multi-component carbonate system-1: trace elements. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 50: 1219-1236.
Dickson, J.A.D., 1966. Carbonate identification and genesis as revealed by staining. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 36: 491-505.
Moore, C.H., & Wade, W.J., 2013. Carbonate Reservoirs, Porosity and Diagenesis in a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework (2^nd edition). Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier, New York, 347 p.
Nader, F.H., 2017. Multi-Scale Quantitative Diagenesis and Impacts on Heterogeneity of Carbonate Reservoir Rocks. Springer International Publishing, 146 p.
Oliveira, R.S., & Truckenbrodt, W., 2019. Provenance and diagenesis of Guamá Sandstone, northeastern Pará, Brazil: A Silurian link between the Amazonas and Parnaíba basins. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 90: 265-281.
Rao, C.P., 1991. Geochemical differences between subtropical (Ordovician), temperate (Recent and Pleistocene) and subpolar (Permian) carbonates, Tasmania, Australia. Carbonates and Evaporites, 6: 83-106.
Seyed-Emami, K., Fürsich, F.T., & Wilmsen, M., 2004. Documentation and significance of tectonic events in the Northern Tabas block (East-Central Iran) during the Middle and Late Jurassic. RivistaItaliana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 110 (1): 163-171.
Winefield, P.R., Nelsion, C.S., & Hodder, A.P.W., 1996. Discriminating temperate carbonates and their diagenetic environments using bulk elemental geochemistry: a reconnaissance study based on New Zealand Cenozoic limestones. Carbonates and Evaporites, 11: 19-31.

Keywords

• Parvadeh Formation
• Diagenesis
• Geochemistry
• Tabas Block
• Middle Jurassic

Main Subjects

• Microfacies and Sedimentary Environments
• Geochemistry & Chemostratigraphy

---

References

آدابی، م. ح.، 1383. ژئوشیمی رسوبی. انتشارات آرین زمین، چاپ اول، 448 ص.

اژدری، ا.، نظری، ح.، آقانباتی، ع.، 1385. نقشه زمین‌شناسی رباط خان. مقیاس 1:100000. سازمان زمین‌شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.

واعظ جوادی، ف.، 1394. معرفی ماکروفسیل‌های گیاهی و زیست چینه‌نگاری برش کلشانه، شمال غرب طبس و تحلیل آب و هوای دیرینه. پژوهش‌های چینه نگاری و رسوب شناسی، (4) 61: 105ـ123.

Adabi, M.H., & Rao, C.P., 1991. Petrographic and geochemical evidence for original aragonite mineralogy of Upper Jurassic carbonates (Mozduran Formation), Sarakhs area, Iran. Journal of Sedimentary Geology, 72: 253-267.

Adabi, M.H., Salehi, M.A., & Ghobeishavi, A., 2010. Depositional environment, sequence stratigraphy and geochemistry of Lower Cretaceous carbonates (Fahliyan Foemation), South-west Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 39: 148-160.

Aghaei, A., Mahboubi, A., Moussavi Harami, R., Nadjafi, M., & Chakrapani, G.J., 2014. Carbonate diagenesis of the upper Jurassic successions in the west of Binalud: Eastern Alborz (NE Iran). Journal of the Geological Society of India, 83: 311-328.

Badihagh, M.T., Sajjadi, F., Farmani, T., & Uhl, D., 2019. Middle Jurassic palaeoenvironment and palaeobiogeography of the Tabas Block, Central Iran: palynological and palaeobotanical investigations. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 99 (3): 379-399.

Barrier, E., & Vrielynck, B., 2008. Palaeotectonic maps of the Middle East - tectono sedimentary - palinsspastic maps from the Late Norian to Pliocene. Paris (Commission for the Geological Map of the World; CGMW/CCGM).

Bathurst, R.G.C., 1972. Carbonate Sediments and their Diagenesis, Developments in Sedimentology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 658 p.

Boggs, S.J.R., & Krinsley, D., 2006. Application of Cathodoluminescence Imaging to the Study of Sedimentary Rocks. Cambridge University Press, 177 p.

Brand, U., & Veizer, J., 1980. Chemical diagenesis of the multi component carbonate system-1: trace elements. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 50: 1219-1236.

Dickson, J.A.D., 1966. Carbonate identification and genesis as revealed by staining. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 36: 491-505.

Flugel, E., 2010. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks, Analysis, Interpretation and Application. Springer- Berlin, 984 p.

Fu, Q., Hu, S., Xu, Z., Zhao, W., Shi, S., & Zeng, H., 2020. Depositional and diagenetic controls on deeply buried Cambrian carbonate reservoirs: Longwangmiao Formation in the Moxi - Gaoshiti area, Sichuan Basin, southwestern China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 117: 104318.

Garzanti, E., Andò, S., Limonta, M., Fielding, L., & Najman, Y., 2018. Diagenetic control on mineralogical suites in sand, silt, and mud (Cenozoic Nile Delta): Implications for provenance reconstructions. Earth Science Reviews, 185: 122-139.

Halley, R.B., & Harris, P.M., 1979. Fresh water cementation of a 1,000-year-old oolite. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 49: 969-988.

Higgins, J.A., Blättler, C.L., Lundstrom, E.A., Santiago-Ramos, D.P., Akhtar, A.A., Crüger Ahm, A.S., Bialik, O., Holmden, C., Bradbury, H., Murray, S.T., & Swart, P.K., 2018. Mineralogy, early marine diagenesis, and the chemistry of shallow-water carbonate sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 220: 512-534.

Jones, D.S., Brothers, R.W., Crüger Ahm, A.S., Slater, N., Higgins, J. H., & Fike, D. A., 2020. Sea level, carbonate mineralogy, and early diagenesis controlled δ¹³C records in Upper Ordovician carbonates. Geology, 48 (2): 194-199.

Jørgensen, B.B., 1977. Bacterial sulfate reduction within reduced micro-niches of oxidised marine sediments. Marine Biology, 41: 7-17.

Knoerich, A.C., & Mutti, M., 2006. Missing aragonitic biota and the diagenetic evolution of heterozoan carbonates: A case study from the Oligo-Miocene of the central Mediterranean. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 76 (5): 871-888.

Koch, R., & Ogorelec, B. 1990. Biogenic Constituents, Cement types and sedimentary fabrics. In: Heling, D., Rothe, P., Förstner, U., & Stoffers, P., (eds.), Sediments and Environmental Geochemistry: Selected Aspects and Case Histories. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 95-123.

Koch, R., Bucur, L.I., Kirmaci, M.Z., Eren, M., & Tasli, K., 2008. Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous carbonate rocks of the Berdiga Limestone: Sedimentation on an onbound platform with volcanic and episodic siliciclastic influx. Biostratigraphy, facies and diagenesis (Kircaova, Kale-Gümü¸shane area; NE-Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen, 247 (1): 23-61.

Lohmann, K.C., 1988. Geochemical patterns of meteoric diagenetic systems and their application to paleokarst. In: James, N.P., & Choquette, P.W., (eds.), Paleokarst. Springer-Verlag, New York, 58-80.

Longman, M.W., 1980. Carbonate diagenetic textures from nearsurface diagenetic environments. American Association of Petroleum Geology Bulletin, 64: 461-487.

Machel, H.G., 2000. Application of cathodoluminescence to carbonate diagenesis. In: Pagel, M., Barbin, V., Blanc, P., & Ohnenstetter, D., (eds.), Cathodoluminescence in Geosciences. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 271-301.

Moore, C.H., & Wade, W.J., 2013. Carbonate Reservoirs, Porosity and Diagenesis in a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework (2^nd edition). Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier, New York, 347 p.

Morad, S., Ketzer, J.M., & De Ros, L.F., 2013. Linking Diagenesis to Sequence Stratigraphy: An Integrated Tool for Understanding and Predicting Reservoir Quality Distribution. In: Morad, S., Ketzer, J.M., & De Ros, L.F., (eds.), Linking Diagenesis to Sequence Stratigraphy. Wiely Blackwell, 522 p.

Mucci, A., 1988. Manganese uptake during calcite precipitation from seawater: conditions leading to the formation of a pseudokatnahorite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52: 1859-1868.

Nader, F.H., 2017. Multi-Scale Quantitative Diagenesis and Impacts on Heterogeneity of Carbonate Reservoir Rocks. Springer International Publishing, 146 p.

Nascimento, G.S., Eglinton, T.I., Haghipour, N., Albuquerque, A.L., Bahniuk, A., McKenzie, J.A., & Vasconcelos, C., 2019. Oceanographic and sedimentological influences on carbonate geochemistry and mineralogy in hypersaline coastal lagoons, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Limnology and Oceanography, 64 (6): 2605-2620.

Oliveira, R.S., & Truckenbrodt, W., 2019. Provenance and diagenesis of Guamá Sandstone, northeastern Pará, Brazil: A Silurian link between the Amazonas and Parnaíba basins. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 90: 265-281.

Oti, M., & Müller, G., 1985. Textural and mineralogical changes in coralline algae during meteoric diagenesis: an experimental approach. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, 151 (2): 163-195.

Paris, G., Bartolini, A., Donnadieu, Y., Beaumont, V., & Gaillardet, J., 2010. Investigating boron isotopes in a middle Jurassic micritic sequence: Primary vs. diagenetic signal. Chemical Geology, 275: 117-126.

Pingitore, N.E., 1978. The behavior of Zn and Mn during carbonate diagenesis theory and application. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 48: 799-814.

Pingitore, N.E., Eastman, M.P., Sandidge M., Oden, K., & Freiha, B., 1988. The coprecipitation of manganese (ІІ) with calcite, an experimental study. Marine Chemistry, 25 (2): 107-120.

Rao, C.P., & Adabi, M.H., 1992. Carbonate minerals, major and minor elements and oxygen and carbon isotopes and their variation with water depth in cool, temperate carbonates, western Tasmania, Australia. Marine Geology, 103: 249-272.

Rao, C.P., & Amini, Z.Z., 1995. Faunal relationship to grain-size, mineralogy and geochemistry in recent temperate shelf carbonates, western Tasmania, Australia. Carbonates and Evaporites, 10: 114-123.

Rao, C.P., 1991. Geochemical differences between subtropical (Ordovician), temperate (Recent and Pleistocene) and subpolar (Permian) carbonates, Tasmania, Australia. Carbonates and Evaporites, 6: 83-106.

Ruttner, A., Nabavi, M.H., Hajian, J., Aghanabati, A., 1994. Geological map of Shirgesht, scale 1:100,000. Geological Survey of Iran.

Sahraeyan, M., Bahrami, M., Hooshmand, M., Ghazi, S., & Al-Juboury, A.I., 2013. Sedimentary facies and diagenetic features of the Early Cretaceous Fahliyan Formation in the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt, Iran. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 87: 59-70.

Sanders, D., 2001. Burrow-mediated carbonate dissolution in rudist biostromes (Aurisina, Italy): implications fortaphonomy in tropical, shallow subtidal arbonate environments. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 168: 39-74.

Scholle, P.A., & Ulmer Scholle, D.S., 2006. A Color Guide to the Petrography of Carbonate Rocks: Grains, Textures, Porosity, Diagenesis. American Association of Petroleum Geology, Tulasa, 459 p.

Schülke, I., & Popp, A., 2005. Microfacies development, sea-level change, and conodont stratigraphy of Famennian mid-to deep platform deposits of the Beringhauser Tunnel section (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany). Facies, 50: 647-664.

Sengör, A.M.C., 1990. A new model for the late Palaeozoic-Mesozoic tectonic evolution of Iran and implications for Oman. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 49 (1): 797-831.

Seyed-Emami, K., Fürsich, F.T., & Wilmsen, M., 2004. Documentation and significance of tectonic events in the Northern Tabas block (East-Central Iran) during the Middle and Late Jurassic. RivistaItaliana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 110 (1): 163-171.

Shen, A., Hu, A., Pan, L., & She, M., 2017. Origin and distribution of grain dolostone reservoirs in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation, Sichuan Basin, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, English Edition, 91 (1): 204-218.

Steuber, T., & Veizer, J., 2002. Phanerozoic record of plate tectonic control of seawater chemistry and carbonate sedimentation. Geology, 30 (12): 1123-1126.

Stocklin, J., Eftekhar-Nezhad, J., & Hushmand-Zadeh, A., 1965. Geology of the Shotori Range (Tabas area, East Iran). Geological Survey of Iran, 3: 69 p.

Swart, P.K., 2015. The geochemistry of carbonate diagenesis: the past, present and future. Sedimentology, 62: 1233-1304.

Tribovillard, N., Sansjofre, P., Ader, M., Trentesaux, A., Averbuch, O., & Barbecot, F., 2012. Early diagenetic carbonate bed formation at the sediment–water interface triggered by synsedimentary faults. Chemical Geology, 300: 1-13.

Trombetta, M.C., Guadagnin, F., Kumaira, S., Caron, F., & Gonçalves, G., 2019. Composition and diagenesis of Neoproterozoic Guaritas Group sandstones in the Minas do Camaquã fault zone, Camaquã Basin. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 90: 1-11.

Tucker, M.E., & Wright, V.P., 1990. Carbonate sedimentology. Blackwell, Oxford, 482 p.

Veizer, J., & Demovic, R., 1973. Environmental and climatic controlled fractionation of elements in the Mesozoic carbonate sequences of the western Carpathians. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 43 (1): 258-271.

Wierzbowski, H., & Joachimiski, M., 2007. Reconstrnction of late Bajocian-Bathonian marine palaeoenvironments using carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of calcareous fossils from the Polish Jura Chain (Central Poland). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254: 523-540.

Wilmsen, M., Fürsich, F.T., Seyed-Emami, K., & Majidifard, M.R., 2009. An overview of the stratigraphy and facies development of the Jurassic System on the Tabas Block, east-central Iran. In: Brunet, M.F., Wilmsen, M., & Granath, J.W., (eds.), South Caspian to Central Iran Basins. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 312 (1): 323-343.

Wilson, J.L., 1975. Carbonate facies in geologic history. Springer, New York, 471 p.

Winefield, P.R., Nelsion, C.S., & Hodder, A.P.W., 1996. Discriminating temperate carbonates and their diagenetic environments using bulk elemental geochemistry: a reconnaissance study based on New Zealand Cenozoic limestones. Carbonates and Evaporites, 11: 19-31.

Yahya Sheibani, V., Moussavi-Harami, R., Mahboubi, A., & Khanehbad, M., 2020. Depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of siliciclastic - carbonate deposits of Parvadeh Formation (Middle Jurassic) in Tabas block, East Central of Iran. Geopersia, 10 (2): 305-332.